African American History and Women Timeline 1960-1969

[Previous] [Next] 1960 †¢ Ruby Bridges integrated an all-white elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana †¢ Ella Baker among others organized SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) at Shaw University †¢ Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals, and was named Athlete of the Year by the United Press 1961 †¢ CORE Freedom Rides began, with the aim of desegregating public buses -- many brave women and men participated †¢ (March 6) Executive Order by John F. Kennedy promoted affirmative action to abolish racial biases in hiring on projects where federal funds were involved 1962 †¢ Meredith v. Fair case argued by Constance Baker Motley. The decision allowed James Meredith to be admitted to the University of Mississippi. 1963 †¢ (September 15) Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, Addie Mae Collins, and Cynthia Weston, ages 11-14, killed in the bombing of 16th Street Church in Birmingham, Alabama †¢ Dinah Washington (Ruth Lee Jones) died (singer) 1964 †¢ (April 6) Mrs. Frankie Muse Freeman becomes the first woman on the new U.S. Commission on Civil Rights †¢ (July 2) US Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law †¢ Fannie Lou Hamer testified for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention 1965 †¢ Viola Liuzzo murdered by Ku Klux Klan members after participating in civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama †¢ affirmative action was required to eliminate racial bias in hiring on federally-funded projects, as defined by Executive Order 11246 †¢ Patricia Harris became the first African American woman ambassador (Luxemburg) †¢ Mary Burnett Talbert died (activist: anti-lynching, civil rights) †¢ Dorothy Dandridge died (actress, singer, dancer) †¢ Lorraine Hansberry died (playwright, wrote Raisin in the Sun) 1966 †¢ (August 14) Halle Berry born (actress) †¢ (August 30) Constance Baker Motley appointed a federal judge, the first African American woman to hold that office 1967 †¢ (June 12) in Loving v. Virginia, Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional, voiding statutes still on the books in 16 states †¢ (October 13) 1965 Executive Order 11246, requiring affirmative action to eliminate racial bias in hiring on federally-funded projects, was amended to include gender-based discrimination †¢ Aretha Franklin, Queen of Soul, recorded her signature song, Respect 1968 †¢ Shirley Chisholm was the first African American woman elected to the US House of Representatives †¢Ã‚  Audre Lorde  published her first book of poems,  The First Cities. 1969 †¢ (October 29) Supreme Court ordered immediate desegregation of school districts [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

The Decolonization Process After The Second World War

29. The decolonization process after the Second World War resulted in the end of British hegemony in the Indian Ocean. The subsequent Cold War which ensued was again marked by superpower rivalry in the region, enhancing the region’s global strategic value. When this period came to an end, the littoral countries of the IOR to a certain extent rediscovered some of the economic, social and cultural facets that made the ocean the bridge between Africa, Asia and Australia . However, regional cooperation coordination is still a far reality which is a dire necessity for overall development in the region. In the 21st century the Indian Ocean security has evolved to be multifaceted and dynamic. The emerging threats and challenges which are typically common to the entire region, range across a wide spectrum with transnational maritime crimes such as piracy, illegal immigration, human trafficking, smuggling and illegal unregulated and unreported (IUU) ï ¬ shing activities at one end t o the more serious challenges of natural disasters, climate change and even interstate maritime disputes erupting into fully ï ¬â€šedged confrontations at the other end . The word ‘Maritime Security deals with the prevention of illicit activities in the maritime domain’. In the previous chapter we have been acquainted with the geostrategic and economic importance of the region which has resulted in the shift of world’s interest to this part of the maritime province. 30. Post Cold war, the security environmentShow MoreRelatedThe Theoretical Success Of Decolonization783 Words   |  4 Pagesmarked a fundamental change in world politics. 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In other words, if decolonization is a process in which The last [native] shall be first and the first [settler] last, this will only come to pass after a murderous and decisive struggle between two protagonists (37). In these

Berlin Conference free essay sample

Interesting enough, not a single country of Africa attended even though the conference was entirely about the division of land on the African continent. The major players at this conference were the great and mighty countries of France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal. This conference that started on November 15, 1884 and ended on February 26, 1885 was called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Germany and minister of Prussia. The original goal of this lengthy conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins are neutral and are open to free trade. Before the conference, 80% of Africa remained to be traditionally and locally ruled. The Europeans only controlled the coastal areas. This all changed because King Leopold II wanted glory for Portugal and organized a secret mission to form Congo Free State. King Leopold and other countries wanted to take advantage of its gold, timber, land, timber, and labor power. We will write a custom essay sample on Berlin Conference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When France discovered King Leopold II’s scheme, she got mad which eventually resulted in this conference. The final result of this conference culminated in the General Act of BerlinConference. This document prohibited international slave trade, made Congo Free State a private property of Congo Society (although Leopold still uses it as his private property), permit free trade in Congo Basin and Lake Niassa, and allow free ship traffic on the Niger and Congo river. A new map of the African continent was created. It divided the vast continent into 50 geometric countries with no regards for cultural and linguistic boundaries of the native Africans. The only countries remaining free are Ethiopia and Liberia (US’s country to return slaves to their â€Å"homeland†. All in all, the Berlin Conference caused Africans to lose their autonomy and ushered in heightened colonial activity.